Relación entre el desempeño motor real evaluado con pruebas orientadas al proceso y el desempeño motor real evaluado con pruebas orientadas al producto: un metaanálisis / Relationship between process- and product-oriented assessments of actual motor performance: a meta-analysis

Jiménez-Díaz, J., Chaves-Castro, K. y Carpio-Rivera, E. (2023). Relación entre el desempeño motor real evaluado con pruebas orientadas al proceso y el desempeño motor real evaluado con pruebas orientadas al producto: un metaanálisis. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-17. El desempeño motor suele ser evaluado de dos formas; la primera se enfoca en cómo se realiza la destreza, mientras que la segunda registra el resultado obtenido después de la ejecución; ambas son ampliamente usadas, sin embargo, la relación entre ellas no está clara. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la relación entre los resultados de las pruebas orientadas al proceso o al producto utilizadas para medir el desempeño motor real y examinar posibles variables moderadoras por medio de la técnica meta-analítica. Para resumir los resultados, se utilizó el modelo de efectos aleatorios (REML) y se calculó el tamaño de efecto (TE) de correlación. Un total de siete estudios cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad, se obtuvo un total de 37 TE. Se encontró que existe una relación significativa y positiva entre el desempeño evaluado por medio de proceso y producto (TE = 0.466; IC95% = 0.391,0.541; p < .001; n = 37; Q = 78.68; p < .001; I2 = 60.17%). Como posibles variables moderadoras se analizó la edad y el tipo de destreza. Los resultados sugieren que existe una relación entre el desempeño motor real evaluado por medio de pruebas orientadas al proceso y al producto, la edad y el tipo de destreza no influyen en dicha relación.

Jiménez-Díaz, J., Chaves-Castro, K. y Carpio-Rivera, E. (2023). Relationship between process- and product-oriented assessments of actual motor performance: a meta-analysis. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-17. Motor performance is often assessed in two different ways. The first of them focuses on how the skill is carried out, whereas the second records the product obtained after execution. While both are widely used, the relationship between them is not clear. The objective of the present study is to determine the relationship between the results of process- or product-oriented tests that are used to measure actual motor performance, and to examine possible moderating variables through the meta-analytic technique. In order to sum up the products, the random effect model (REML) was used and the effect size (TE) of the correlation was calculated. A total seven studies met the criteria for eligibility, and a total 37 TE were obtained. It was found that a significant and positive relationship exists between process- and product-evaluated performance (TE = 0.466; IC95% = 0.391, 0.541; p < .001; n = 37; Q = 78.68; p < .001; I2 = 60.17%). Age and skill type were analyzed as possible moderating variables. The results suggest that a relationship exists between process- and product-oriented assessments of actual motor performance, while age and the type of skill have no influence on that relationship.

Jiménez-Díaz, J., Chaves-Castro, K. y Carpio-Rivera, E. (2023). Relação entre o desempenho motor real, avaliado por testes orientados a processos e a produtos: uma metanálise. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-17. O desempenho motor é geralmente avaliado de duas maneiras; a primeira se concentra em como a destreza é realizada, enquanto a segunda registra o resultado obtido após a execução; ambas são amplamente utilizadas, no entanto, a relação entre elas não é clara. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a relação entre os resultados de testes orientados a processos ou a produtos usados para medir o desempenho motor real e examinar possíveis variáveis moderadoras por meio da técnica metanalítica. Para resumir os resultados, foi utilizado o modelo de efeitos aleatórios (REML) e calculado o tamanho do efeito (TDE) da correlação. Um total de sete estudos cumpriram os critérios de elegibilidade, resultando em um total de 37 TDEs. Foi encontrada uma relação significativa e positiva entre o desempenho avaliado por processo e produto (TDE = 0,466; IC95% = 0,391, 0,541; p < 0,001; n = 37; Q = 78,68; p < 0,001; I2 = 60,17%). A idade e o tipo de habilidade foram analisados como possíveis variáveis moderadoras. Os resultados sugerem que existe uma relação entre o desempenho motor real, avaliado por testes orientados a processos e a produtos, idade e tipo de habilidade não influenciam esta relação.

Práctica mental, física o combinada en el desempeño y aprendizaje motor: una respuesta meta-analítica / Mental, physical or combined practice in motor performance and learning: a meta-analytical response

Jiménez Díaz, J., Morera-Castro, M., Chaves-Castro, K., Portuguez-Molina, P., Araya-Vargas, G. y Salazar, W. (2022). Práctica mental, física o combinada en el desempeño y aprendizaje motor: una respuesta meta-analítica. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(2), 1-37. En el proceso de adquisición de destrezas motrices la práctica es un elemento fundamental por que facilita el aprendizaje; esta práctica puede ser de dos tipos: física o mental. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el tamaño de efecto de la práctica física (PF), práctica mental (PM) y la práctica combinada (PC) a lo largo del proceso de adquisición y retención en el desempeño de las destrezas motrices, utilizando el enfoque meta-analítico y el análisis de posibles variables moderadoras. Se utilizó el modelo de efectos aleatorios para calcular el tamaño de efecto (TE). Se incluyeron 24 estudios y se obtuvo un total de 150 TE, separados en cuatro grupos. En la fase de adquisición se encontró que la PF (TE = 1.75; n = 36; IC = 0.96,3.55; Q = 113; I2 = 92%), la PM (TE = 0.80; n = 36; IC = 0.50,1.09; Q = 108; I 2= 74%) y la PC (TE = 1.78; n = 22; IC = 1.39,2.18; Q = 167; I2 = 79%) mejoraron su desempeño; además, el grupo control (GC) mejoró el desempeño en la adquisición (TE = 0.18; n = 22; IC = 0.02,0.35; Q = 19; I 2= 0%). Una metarregresión indicó que solo la práctica física, mental y combinada predicen significativamente el TE. En la fase de retención, ni la PF (TE = -0.97; n = 9; IC = -0.41,0.02; Q = 12; I2 = 29%), la PM (TE = 0.62; n = 6; IC = -0.19,1.45; Q = 22; I2 = 83%), la PC (TE = -0.01; n = 14; IC = -0.26,0.25; Q = 23; I2 = 46%), ni el GC (TE = -0.15; n = 5; IC = -0.75,0.44; Q = 11; I2 = 66%) presentaron un cambio significativo. Se analizaron las posibles variables moderadoras. Los resultados sugieren que los tres tipos de práctica mejoran en el desempeño en la fase de adquisición; mientras que, en la etapa de retención, favorecen a mantener lo aprendido. La PM, no reemplaza la PF; no obstante, bajo algunas condiciones, se puede complementar la PF con PM.

Jiménez Díaz, J., Morera-Castro, M., Chaves-Castro, K., Portuguez-Molina, P., Araya-Vargas, G. y Salazar, W. (2022). Mental, physical or combined practice in motor performance and learning: a meta-analytical response. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(2), 1-37. Practice is a key element in the process of acquiring motor skills, because it facilitates learning. This practice can be of either of two types—physical or mental. The objective of the present study is to determine the extent of effect of physical practice (PF), mental practice (PM) and combined practice (PC) throughout the process of acquisition and retention in the performance of motor skills, using a meta-analytical approach and the analysis of possible moderating variables. The random effect model was used to calculate the extent of the effect (TE). A total 24 studies were included, and a total of 150 TE was obtained, separated in four groups. In the phase of acquisition, it was found that the PF (TE = 1.75; n = 36; IC = 0.96,3.55; Q = 113; I2 = 92%), the PM (TE = 0.80; n = 36; IC = 0.50,1.09; Q = 108; I2 = 74%) and the PC (TE = 1.78; n = 22; IC = 1.39,2.18; Q = 167; I2 = 79%) improved their performance; in addition, the control group (GC) improved the performance in acquisition (TE = 0.18; n = 22; IC = 0.02,0.35; Q = 19; I2 = 0%). A meta-regression indicated that only physical, mental and combined practice significantly predict the TE. In the retention phase, neither the PF (TE = -0.97; n = 9; IC = -0.41,0.02; Q = 12; I2 = 29%), the PM (TE = 0.62; n = 6; IC = -0.19,1.45; Q = 22; I2 = 83%), the PC (TE = -0.01; n = 14; IC = -0.26,0.25; Q = 23; I2 = 46%) or the GC (TE = -0.15; n = 5; IC = -0.75,0.44; Q = 11; I2 = 66%) showed a significant change. Possible moderating variables were analyzed. The results suggest that the three types of practice improve performance in the acquisition phase, while in the retention phase they help to keep what has been learned. The PM does not replace PF; however, PF can be complemented with PM under some conditions.

Jiménez Díaz, J., Morera-Castro, M., Chaves-Castro, K., Portuguez-Molina, P., Araya-Vargas, G. y Salazar, W. (2022). Prática mental, física ou combinada no desempenho e na aprendizagem motora: uma resposta metanalítica. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(2), 1-37. No processo de aquisição de destrezas motoras, a prática é um elemento fundamental porque facilita o aprendizado; esta prática pode ser de dois tipos: física ou mental. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o tamanho do efeito da prática física (PF), da prática mental (PM) e da prática combinada (PC) durante todo o processo de aquisição e retenção do desempenho das destrezas motoras, usando a abordagem metanalítica e a análise de possíveis variáveis moderadoras. Foi utilizado o modelo de efeitos aleatórios para calcular o tamanho do efeito (TDE). Vinte e quatro estudos foram incluídos e obtidos um total de 150 TDEs, separados em quatro grupos. Na fase de aquisição, PF (TDE = 1,75; n = 36; IC = 0,96,3,55; Q = 113; I2= 92%), PM (TDE = 0,80; n = 36; IC = 0,50,1,09; Q = 108; I 2= 74%) e CP(TDE = 1,78; n = 22; IC = 1,39,2,18; Q = 167; I 2 = 79%) melhoraram seu desempenho; além disso, o grupo de controle (GC) melhorou seu desempenho na aquisição(TDE = 0,18; n = 22; IC = 0,02,0,35; Q = 19; I 2= 0%). Uma meta-regressão indicou que apenas a prática física, mental e combinada prediz significativamente o TDE. Na fase de retenção, nem PF (TDE = -0,97; n = 9; IC = -0,41,0,02; Q = 12; I2= 29%), PM (TDE = 0,62; n = 6; IC = -0,19,1,45; Q = 22; I2 = 83%), PC (TDE = -0,01; n = 14; IC = -0,26,0,25; Q = 23; I2 = 46%), nem o GC (TDE = -0,15; n = 5; IC = -0,75,0,44; Q = 11; I2= 66%) apresentou uma mudança significativa. Foram analisadas as possíveis variáveis moderadoras. Os resultados indicam que os três tipos de prática melhoram o desempenho na fase de aquisição, enquanto na fase de retenção, eles melhoram a retenção do que foi aprendido. A PM não substitui a PF; no entanto, sob algumas condições, a PF pode ser complementada com a PM.

Efecto del hilt en el estado de anímo en personas con sobrepeso en un entrenamiento virtual y presencial

Rojas-Ilama, V., Castro-Ramírez, M.L., Víquez-Arce, R., Jiménez-Díaz. y Montero-Herrera, B. (2022). Efecto del HIIT en el estado anímico en personas con sobrepeso en un entrenamiento virtual y presencial. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(1), 1-17. El principal objetivo fue comparar los efectos de una sesión HIIT de 35 minutos, en modalidad virtual y presencial, en los estados anímicos y en el esfuerzo percibido en personas con sobrepeso. Se reclutaron un total de 13 personas (5 hombres y 8 mujeres) con una edad promedio de 37.85 ± 13.20 años (rango entre 17 y 60 años) los cuales fueron asignados a cada una de las tres condiciones de manera aleatoria (control, entrenamiento presencial y entrenamiento virtual). Previo a, e inmediatamente después de cada una de las intervenciones, se aplicó el test POMS para medir los estados anímicos. En lo que respecta al esfuerzo percibido (EP), su medición se llevó a cabo finalizado cada uno de los ejercicios HIIT (no se evaluó durante el calentamiento y el retorno a la calma). Al aplicar un ANOVA de 2 vías de medidas repetidas (condición (3) x medición (2)), se encontró que tanto la tensión como el vigor después de haber aplicado el tratamiento presencial presentaron un aumento significativo; además, la tensión aumentó en la sesión virtual. Por su parte, los valores de EP reportados en las mediciones de las sesiones presencial y virtuales estuvieron por encima de lo sugerido en la literatura. En conclusión, una sesión de HIIT para personas con sobrepeso de manera presencial o virtual presenta resultados similares en los estados de ánimo, excepto el vigor, el cual incrementa solo en la condición presencial; las otras variables mostraron un comportamiento similar.

Rojas-Ilama, V., Castro-Ramírez, M.L., Víquez-Arce, R., Jiménez-Díaz. & Montero-Herrera, B. (2022). Effects of HIIT on the mood of overweight people in virtual and face-to-face training. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(1), 1-17. The main objective was to compare the effects of 35-minute HIIT session, in both virtual and face-to- face modes, on the mood and the perceived effort of overweight people. A total 13 people (5 men and 8 women) were recruited, in an average age of 37.85 ± 13.20 years (17-60 year range), who were randomly assigned to each of the three conditions (control, face-to-face training, virtual training). Prior to and immediately after each of the interventions, the POMS test was applied in order to measure mood. The measuring of perceived effort (PE) was carried out at the end of each of the HIIT exercises (it was not assessed during warm-up or return to calm). When a 2-way repeated-measure ANOVA was applied (condition (3) x measurement (2)), it was found that both stress and vigor after applying face-to-face treatment showed a significant increase. In addition, stress increased in the virtual session. For their part, the PE values reported in the measurements of the face-to-face and virtual sessions were above those suggested in the literature. In conclusion, a HIIT session for overweight people, whether face-to-face or virtual, shows similar results in their moods, except for vigor, which only increases in the face-to-face situation. The other variables showed a similar behavior.

Rojas-Ilama, V., Castro-Ramírez, M.L., Víquez-Arce, R., Jiménez-Díaz. e Montero-Herrera, B. (2022). Efeito do HIIT no estado anímico de pessoas com sobrepeso em um treinamento virtual e presencial. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(1), 1-17. O principal objetivo foi comparar os efeitos de uma sessão de HIIT de 35 minutos, em modalidades virtual e presencial, nos estados anímicos e no esforço percebido de pessoas com sobrepeso. Foram recrutadas um total de 13 pessoas (5 homens e 8 mulheres) com idade média de 37,85 ± 13,20 anos (faixa etária entre 17 e 60 anos) que foram designados a cada uma das três condições de maneira aleatória (controle, treinamento presencial e treinamento virtual). Antes e imediatamente depois de cada uma das intervenções, foi aplicado o teste POMS para medir os estados anímicos. Com relação ao esforço percebido (EP), a medição foi feita ao finalizar cada um dos exercícios HIIT (não foi avaliado durante o aquecimento e a volta à calma). Ao aplicar um ANOVA de 2 vias de medidas repetidas (condição (3) x medição (2)), observou-se que tanto a tensão quanto o vigor depois da aplicação do tratamento presencial aumentaram de maneira significativa; além disso, a tensão aumentou na sessão virtual. Por outro lado, os valores de EP relatados nas medições das sessões presenciais e virtuais estiveram acima do sugerido na literatura. Como conclusão, uma sessão de HIIT para pessoas com sobrepeso, seja presencial ou virtual, apresenta resultados semelhantes nos estados de ânimo, exceto o vigor, que aumento somente na condição presencial; as outras variáveis mostraram um comportamento semelhante.

Efecto de la práctica mental kinestésica en la fuerza y actividad mioeléctrica del bíceps braquial, luego de un periodo de inmovilización de codo en adultos-jóvenes sanos / Effects of kinesthetic mental practice in strength and myoelectric activity of the brachialis biceps due to an elbow immobilization period in healthy young adults

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto de la práctica mental kinestésica (PMK) en la fuerza y actividad eléctrica muscular (AEM) del bíceps braquial, luego de un periodo de inmovilización del codo en un grupo de personas adultos jóvenes sanos. Un total de 14 personas (18,64 ± 0,92 años de edad) participaron voluntariamente del estudio, a las cuales se les evaluó la fuerza muscular de prensión y la AEM del bíceps braquial utilizando un dinamómetro de mano y un equipo de electromiografía, respectivamente, antes y después de un periodo de inmovilización del brazo no dominante, y se asignaron aleatoriamente a uno de dos grupos: grupo control (GC) o experimental (GE). El GE realizó PMK: tres series de 15 repeticiones con un minuto de descanso entre series, tres veces al día durante los seis días de inmovilización, mientras que el GC no realizó PKM durante su inmovilización. Al aplicar una prueba de ANOVA de dos vías, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la fuerza ni en la AEM. Sin embargo, la fuerza del GC disminuyó en 23,75%, mientras que la del GE aumentó en 33,19%. Los resultados sugieren que un periodo de inmovilización del codo de seis días no fue suficiente para que la fuerza ni la AEM disminuyan significativamente, lo que supone que la PMK realizada no es necesaria en periodos menores a seis días.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of kinesthetic mental practice (KMP) on the strength and muscular electrical activity (MEA) of the brachial biceps, after a period of immobilization of the elbow in a group of healthy young adults. A total of 14 volunteer participants (18.64 ± 0.92 years of age) were part in the study. The muscle strength and the AEM of the brachial biceps were assessed using a hand dynamometer and an electromyography equipment, respectively, before and after a period of immobilization of the non-dominant arm. After the pretest, they were randomly assigned to one of two groups: control group (GC) or experimental group (GE). The GE performed 3 sets of 15 repetitions with one-minute rest between sets, three times a day of PMK during the 6 days of immobilization, while the GC did not perform PKM during its immobilization. A 2-way ANOVA test (group x measurement) indicated non-significant differences in strength or AEM. However, the strength of the GC decreased by 23.75%, while increased by 33.19% in the GE. The results suggest that a period of immobilization of the elbow of 6 days was not enough for the strength or the AEM to decrease significantly, which means that the PMK is not necessary in periods of immobilization of less than 6 days.

Superiority of external attentional focus for motor performance and learning: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Considerable literature on the role of attentional focus in motor performance and learning has accumulated for over two decades. We report the results of comprehensive meta-analyses that address the impact of an external focus (EF, on intended movement effects) versus internal focus (IF, on movements of body parts) of attention on the performance and learning of motor skills. Values of effect sizes (ES) from 73 studies with 1,824 participants and 40 studies with 1,274 participants were used for examining the effects of EF versus IF on behavioral outcomes of motor performance and learning (separately for retention and transfer phases) respectively. The EF condition was more effective than the IF condition for performance, Hedges' g value = 0.264 (95% CI [0.217, 0.310]), retention learning, Hedges' g value = 0.583 (95% CI [0.425, 0.741]), and transfer learning, Hedges' g value = 0.584 (95% CI [0.325, 0.842]). Multivariable metaregression analyses on behavioral measures further indicated that neither age group, health status, or skill level, nor their two-way interactions, moderated the ES differences between EF and IF in performance, retention, and transfer models (all p > .100). A secondary analysis on 12 studies with 216 participants that examined the effects of EF versus IF on electromyographic outcomes of motor performance also indicated that EF was associated with more efficient neuromuscular processing, Hedges' g value = 0.833 (95% CI [0.453, 1.213]). From nine studies with 272 participants, performance measured by behavioral outcomes was found to be more effective when a more distal, rather than proximal, EF was used, Hedges' g value = 0.224 (95% CI [0.019, 0.429]). Overall, the meta-analytic results are consistent with prior narrative reviews and indicate that an external focus is superior to an internal focus whether considering tests of motor performance or learning, and regardless of age, health condition, and level of skill expertise. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Efectividad del feedback aumentado en el desempeño de destrezas motrices: un meta-análisis / Effectiveness of Augmented Feedback on Motor Skills Performance: A Meta-Analysis

Resumen El propósito del presente estudio fue examinar la efectividad del feedback aumentado (FA) en el desempeño y aprendizaje de destrezas motrices. La búsqueda de los estudios se realizó en bases de datos digitales, revisando referencias y consultando a personal experto del área. La selección de los estudios y la extracción de los datos fue realizada por las tres autoras de forma independiente. La calidad de los estudios se evaluó utilizando una modificación de la escala TESTEX. Con el modelo de efectos aleatorios se calculó el tamaño de efecto (TE) de la diferencia de medias estandarizada. Se examinó la heterogeneidad con la Q estadística y la consistencia con I 2 . Veinte estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Un total de 95 TE fueron calculados, lo cual representa a 949 participantes. El uso de FA durante la práctica física aumentó el desempeño significativamente entre el pretest y la adquisición (TE = 0.87; IC95% = 0.65, 1.10; n = 47; Q = 183.6, I 2 = 74.41%; p < 0.01); mientras que el desempeño disminuyó significativamente entre la prueba de adquisición y la retención, después de que el FA fue suspendido (TE = -0.74, IC95% = -1.04, -0.44; n = 45; Q = 377.45, I 2 . = 88.34%; p < 0.01). Se analizaron la edad y el nivel de habilidad de los sujetos participantes, el tipo de destreza y las características de la práctica y el tipo de FA como posibles variables moderadoras. Los resultados sugieren que el desempeño mejora en la adquisición al recibir FA durante la práctica física, y disminuye en la retención, una vez que no está disponible; no obstante, el uso de FA promueve significativamente el aprendizaje de destrezas motrices.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to use the meta-analytic approach to assess the effectiveness of augmented feedback (AF) on performance and learning of motor skills. Studies were retrieved by searching electronic databases, cross refereeing, and expert criteria. Studies were selected and data was extracted by the three authors independently. The quality of the studies was measured by a modify TEXTEX scale. Random effects models using the standardized mean difference effect size (ES) were used to pool results. Risk of bias, heterogeneity, and inconsistency was examined. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. A total of 95 ESs were calculated, representing 949 participants. During physical practice, performance increases from pretest to acquisition when receiving AF (ES = 0.87; 95%CI = 0.65, 1.10; n = 47; I 2 . = 74.41; Q= 183,6; p < 0.01); while performance significantly decrease between the acquisition and retention phase after AF was removed (ES = -0.74; 95%CI = -1.04, -0.44; n = 45; I 2 . = 88.34; Q = 377.45; p < 0.01). Age and skill level ability of the participants, type of task, and practice characteristics, and type of feedback were analyzed as potentially moderator variables. Results suggest that AF increases performance in motor skills during physical practice, but performance decreases after removing AF in retention; all due, AF enhances learning of motor skills.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi examinar a eficácia do aumento do feedback (AF) sobre o desempenho e a aprendizagem das habilidades motoras. Foram pesquisados estudos em bancos de dados digitais, verificando referências e consultando especialistas na área. A seleção do estudo e a extração de dados foi feita pelos três autores independentemente. A qualidade dos estudos foi avaliada utilizando uma modificação da escala TESTEX. Sob o modelo de efeitos aleatórios, foi calculado o tamanho do efeito (TE) da diferença média padronizada. A heterogeneidade foi examinada usando o Q estatístico e a consistência usando o I2. Vinte estudos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Um total de 95 TE's foi calculado, representando 949 participantes. O uso de AF durante a prática física aumentou significativamente o desempenho entre o pré-teste e a aquisição (ET = 0,87; CI95% = 0,65, 1,10; n = 47; Q = 183,6, I2 = 74,41%; p < 0. 01); enquanto o desempenho diminuiu significativamente entre o teste de aquisição e a retenção, depois que o AF foi suspenso (SD = -0,74, 95% CI = -1,04, -0,44; n = 45; Q = 377,45, I2. = 88,34%; p < 0,01). A idade e o nível de habilidade dos participantes, tipo de habilidade e características de prática, e tipo de AF foram analisados como possíveis variáveis moderadoras. Os resultados sugerem que o desempenho melhora na aquisição ao receber AF durante a prática física, e diminui na retenção, uma vez que ela não está disponível; entretanto, o uso de AF promove significativamente o aprendizado das habilidades motoras.

Effect of Self-Controlled and Regulated Feedback on Motor Skill Performance and Learning: A Meta-Analytic Study.

The purpose of this study was to use the meta-analytic approach to assess the effectiveness of self-controlled (SC) and regulated (R) feedback on motor skill performance (MSP). Random effects model using the standardized mean difference effect size (ES) was used to pool results. A total of 86 ES, retrieved from 18 studies, were calculated and separated into three types of feedback: SC, R, and yoked group (YG). In acquisition phase, SC (ES = 1.872; CI95% = 1.014, 2.730), R (ES = 0.852; CI95% = 0.614, 1.090), and YG (ES = 1.492; CI95% = 0.266, 2.718) significantly improved MSP. In retention phase, SC and YG had a nonsignificant decrease in MSP, R (ES = -0.819; CI95% = -1.207, -0.430) significantly decrease MSP. Several factors were analyzed as moderator variables. Results suggest that SC feedback enhances learning.

Mejorar la competencia motriz no predice un cambio en la autopercepción en adultos / Improvement in motor competence does not predict changes in self-perception in adults

OBJETIVO. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar si mejorar el desempeño motor, predice la autopercepción en adultos. MÉTODOS: Un total de 55 personas (M = 20 ± 2 años) fueron asignadas aleatoriamente a uno de tres grupos: práctica en bloque, práctica aleatoria y grupo control. Para evaluar la autopercepción se utilizó el Perfil de Autopercepción para Adultos, en los dominios de habilidades deportivas y apariencia física. El Instrumento para la Evaluación de los Patrones Básicos de Movimiento en Adultos, se utilizó para evaluar el desempeño motor, en las destrezas básicas de saltar y lanzar. Se aplicó una intervención motriz de siete sesiones, utilizando práctica en bloque y aleatoria. RESULTADOS: Los resultados determinaron que los grupos que realizaron práctica en bloque o aleatoria mejoraron significativamente el desempeño en saltar y lanzar, y fueron superiores al grupo control en el post test. El análisis de regresión múltiple indicó que el cambio en el desempeño, el sexo o el tipo de práctica realizada no predicen significativamente el cambio en la competencia percibida en habilidades deportivas (R2 = .038; p = .739), ni en la autopercepción de la apariencia física (R2 = .008; p = .366). CONCLUSIÓN: En conclusión, la práctica en bloque y práctica aleatoria mejoraron el desempeño en los patrones, pero esta mejoría no predice cambios en la autopercepción de esta muestra.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to determine whether improving motor performance predicts self-perception in adults. METHODS: A total of 55 participants (M = 20 ± 2 years old) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: blocked practice, random practice, and the control group. To evaluate self-perception, The Self-Perception Profile for Adults was used in the sports skills and physical appearance domains. The Test of Fundamental Motor Skills in Adults was used to evaluate motor performance in jumping and throwing skills. A seven-session motor intervention was applied, using blocked and random practice. RESULTS: The results showed that the groups that performed blocked or random practice significantly improved their jump and throw performances and were superior to the control group in the post-test. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the improvement in motor performance, sex or type of practice performed did not significantly predict a change in perceived competence in sports skills (R2 = .038; p = .739), nor in self-perception of physical appearance (R2 = .008; p = .366). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the blocked practice and random practice improved the performance in the motor skill, but this improvement does not predict changes in the self-perception of this sample

The Relationship Between Actual and Perceived Motor Competence in Children, Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Actual and perceived motor competence are important correlates of various health-related behaviors. As such, numerous studies have examined the association between both constructs in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVES: The first aim of this review and meta-analysis was to systematically examine, analyze and summarize the scientific evidence on the relationship between actual and perceived motor competence (and by extension more general physical self-perception) in children, adolescents and young adults with typical and atypical development. The second aim was to examine several a priori determined potential moderators (i.e., age, sex, and developmental status of study participants, as well as level of alignment between measurement instruments) of the relationship between actual motor competence and perceived motor competence/physical self-perception. DESIGN: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement and was registered with PROSPERO on August 21st 2017. DATA SOURCES: A systematic literature search of five electronic databases (i.e., MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, PsycINFO and EMBASE) with no date restrictions was conducted. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES: Eligibility criteria included (1) a study sample of youth aged 3-24 years, (2) an assessment of actual motor competence and perceived motor competence/physical self-perception, and (3) a report of the association between both, using a cross-sectional, longitudinal, or experimental design. Only original articles published in peer-reviewed journals with at least the title and abstract in English were considered. ANALYSES: Meta-analyses were conducted by type of actual motor competence (i.e., overall motor competence, locomotor, object control, stability/balance and sport-specific competence) through univariate and multivariable random-effects meta-regression and clustered random-effects meta-regression models. RESULTS: Of the 1643 articles screened, 87 were included for the qualitative review, while 69 remained for the final meta-analyses. All included studies had some risk of bias with only 15% meeting five of the six examined criteria. Significant (p < 0.001) pooled effects were found for overall motor competence (N = 54; r = 0.25; 95% CI [0.20, 0.29]), locomotor (N = 45; r = 0.19; 95% CI [0.13, 0.25]), object control (N = 50; r = 0.22; 95% CI [0.17, 0.27]), stability/balance (N = 8; r = 0.21; 95% CI [0.12, 0.30]), and sport-specific competence (N = 8; r = 0.46; 95% CI [0.28, 0.61]). None of the hypothesized moderators significantly influenced the relationship between actual motor competence and perceived motor competence/physical self-perception. CONCLUSIONS: The strength of the association between actual motor competence and perceived motor competence/physical self-perception in youth is low to moderate, with current data demonstrating that the strength of association does not differ by age, sex, developmental status, or alignment between measurement instruments. However, this review highlights the lack of clarity on the relationship between actual motor competence and perceived motor competence/physical self-perception. Future research should address issues surrounding the design of studies and measurement of actual motor competence and perceived motor competence/physical self-perception as well as explore other potential confounding variables (i.e., product- versus process-oriented assessments, race, culture) that might affect the relationship between these two constructs.

Efecto de la práctica mental y física en el desempeño motor y actividad eléctrica muscular en estudiantes sanos / Effect of mental and physical practice in the motor performance and muscle electrical activity in healthy students

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la efectividad de la práctica mental (PM), práctica física (PF) y su combinación (PC) en el desempeño de- la destreza de dribbling de hockey de salón y la actividad eléctrica del músculo (AEM) braquiorradial del antebrazo dominante. Un total de 27 estudiantes universitarios de primer año de la carrera en Ciencias del Movimiento Humano, sin experiencia previa en la destreza, fueron asignados aleatoriamente a uno de tres grupos (PF, PM y PC). El desempeño de la destreza fue evaluado por medio del tiempo total, utilizando fotoceldas SmartspeedPro y la AEM se midió con un electromiograma Noraxon M400. La investigación se desarrolló en dos sesiones. En la primera sesión, se realizó el pretest, la práctica experimental según el grupo correspondiente y el post test del desempeño y AEM. En la segunda sesión, una semana después, se evaluó el desempeño en una prueba de retención. Al aplicar un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) de dos vías mixto [grupo (3) x medición (3)] se encontró que el desempeño de los tres grupos mejoró significativamente en la prueba de adquisición y retención. El ANOVA de dos vías mixto [grupo (3) x medición (2)] indicó que no hubo diferencias significativas en la AEM. La PF, PM y PC favorecieron el aprendizaje de la destreza; sin embargo, no se encontraron cambios en la actividad eléctrica del músculo braquiorradial del antebrazo dominante.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of mental practice (MP), physical practice (PP), and their combination (CP) in the performance of the dribbling skill in field hockey, and the brachioradialis muscle electrical activity (MEA) of the dominant forearm. A total of 27 freshmen enrolled in the Human Movement Science program with no experience in the skill was randomly assigned to one of the three groups (MP, PP, and CP). Skill performance was assessed by total time using Smartspeed Pro photocells, while MEA was tested with an electromyogram using Noraxon M400. Research was conducted in two sessions. In the first session, the pretest, experimental practice by group, post test, and MEA were conducted. In the second session, held a week later, a retention test was conducted. After a two-way mixed ANOVA [group (3) x measurement (3)], the acquisition and retention test performance improved significantly in the three groups. The two-way mixed ANOVA [group (3) x measurement (2)] showed no significant differences in MEA. PP, MP, and CP enhanced skill learning; however, no significant changes were found in the brachioradialis muscle electrical activity of the dominant forearm.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a efetividade da prática mental (PM), prática física (PF) e sua combinação (PC) no desempenho da destreza de dribbling de hóquei de salão e a atividade elétrica do músculo (AEM) braquiorradial do antebraço dominante. Um total de 27 estudantes universitários do primeiro ano do curso de Ciências do Movimento Humano, sem experiência prévia na destreza, foram atribuídos aleatoriamente a um de três grupos (PF, PM e PC). O desempenho da destreza foi avaliado por meio do tempo total, utilizando fotocélulas SmartspeedPro e a AEM foi medida com um eletromiógrafo Noraxon M400. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas sessões. Na primeira sessão, foram feitos o pré-teste, a prática experimental de acordo com o grupo correspondente e o pós-teste do desempenho e da AEM. Na segunda sessão, uma semana despois, foi avaliado o desempenho em um teste de retenção. Ao ser aplicada uma análise de variância (ANOVA) mista de duas vias [grupo (3) x medição (3)], observou-se que o desempenho dos três grupos melhorou significativamente no teste de aquisição e retenção. A ANOVA mista de duas vias [grupo (3) x medição (2)] mostrou que não houve diferencias significativas na AEM. A PF, PM e PC favoreceram a aprendizagem da destreza; não obstante, não foram encontradas alterações na atividade elétrica do músculo braquiorradial do antebraço dominante.

The Effects of Physical Activity and Diet Interventions on Body Mass Index in Latin American Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to compare the effect of physical activity only with that of physical activity plus diet interventions on body mass index (BMI) in Latin American children and adolescents. We searched the Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Scielo databases from their inception until March 2020, including studies examining the effect of physical activity or physical activity plus diet interventions on BMI in children and adolescents and based on data from intervention studies. The DerSimonian and Laird method was used to compute a pooled standardized mean difference for BMI in terms of effect size (ES) and respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Eighteen studies were included. Analyses were performed based on intervention (four studies were included for physical activity only and four studies were included for physical activity plus diet). In the analysis of physical activity only versus control, there was no effect on BMI (ES = 0.00; 95% CI -0.17-0.17, I2 = 0.0%; p = 0.443). In the analysis of physical activity plus diet versus control, there was a decrease in BMI in favour of the intervention group (ES = -0.28; 95% CI -0.42--0.14, I2 = 74.5%; p = 0.001). When ES was estimated considering only the effect in intervention groups, there was no evidence of a decrease in BMI (ES = -0.17; 95% CI -0.44-0.11, I2 = 84.5%; p < 0.001) for physical activity only (eight studies). However, there was a statistically significant decrease in BMI (ES = -0.30; 95% CI -0.50-0.11, I2 = 95.8%; p < 0.001) for physical activity plus diet (ten studies). Some limitations of this review could compromise our results, but the main limitation that should be stated is the quality of the studies (mainly medium/moderate), especially as physical activity and diet interventions cannot be blinded, compromising the quality of these studies. In summary, this meta-analysis offers evidence that physical activity plus diet interventions produced a reduction in BMI in Latin American children and adolescents, but physical activity only interventions did not.

Diferencias en la competencia motriz percibida de una población infantil según la región geográfica / Differences in the perceived motor competence of children according to the geographical region

Esta investigación tuvo como propósito comparar la competencia motriz percibida en una población infantil (M ± DE 7.96 ± 0.74 años de edad), de dos regiones geográficas diferentes de un mismo país (rural y urbano); además se examinó, las diferencias entre niños y niñas. En total 55 escolares, de los cuales 15 niños y 17 niñas pertenecían a la región geográfica rural y 15 niños y 8 niñas pertenecían a la urbana. Se evaluó la competencia motriz percibida utilizando Pictorial Scale for Perceived Movement Skill Competence for Young Children. Después de aplicar análisis de varianza de 2 vías para grupos independientes (zona X sexo), se encontró que hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre niños y niñas en manipulación percibida, independientemente la región geográfica, siendo los niños los que presentan mayor manipulación percibida. No se encontró interacción estadísticamente significativa en la locomoción percibida, la manipulación percibida, el desempeño motor grueso percibido y la competencia motriz percibida, según la región geográfica y sexo. Se concluye que sin importar la región geográfica los niños tienen mayor manipulación percibida que las niñas. La región en la que vivían las poblaciones infantiles medidas, no influye en la competencia motriz percibida. Se recomienda en futuras investigaciones descriptivas o experimentales, utilizar y analizar esta prueba de percepción, de manera completa, debido a que se está usando de manera global y se podrían profundizar aspectos relevantes sobre este tema

The purpose of this research was to compare the perceived motor competence in children (mean age 7.96 ± 0.74 yrs.), from two different geographical regions (rural and urban), also the differences between boys and girls were examined. A total of 55 children of which 15 boys and 17 girls lived in the rural geographical region and 15 boys and 8 girls lived in the urban one. Perceived motor competence was assessed using Pictorial Scale for Perceived Movement Skills Competence for Young Children. A two-way ANOVA indicated that there are statistically significant differences between boys and girls in perceived object control, regardless of geographical region, with boys presenting greater perceived object control than girls, and there was no statistically significant interaction in perceived locomotion, perceived object control, perceived gross motor competence and perceived motor competence, according to the geographic region and sex. In conclusion, regardless of the geographical region, boys have higher perceived object control than girls; the region in which the children lived, did not influences the perceived motor competence. It is recommended, for future descriptive or experimental research to use and analyze this perception test, in a complete way, because it is being used globally and relevant aspects of this topic could be extended

Efecto agudo de las bebidas energéticas en el rendimiento anaeróbico: un metaanálisis / Acute effect of energy drinks on anaerobic performance: A meta-analysis

Resumen El consumo de bebidas energéticas (BE) ha ido incrementando tanto en estudiantes y personas activas como en deportistas, esto por posible efecto ergogénico. Dichas bebidas contienen, además de calorías, cafeína en combinación con otros ingredientes como taurina, carnitina y vitaminas del complejo B. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto agudo de la ingesta de BE en el rendimiento físico anaeróbico, por medio de la técnica de metaanálisis. La metodología consistió en realizar una búsqueda en cinco bases de datos: PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Springer Link, ProQuest y Science Direct. Se seleccionaron los estudios que cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad: experimentales, en los que se midiera el rendimiento anaeróbico y donde se suministrara una BE, realizados en seres humanos, que presentaran la estadística descriptiva y estuviesen publicados en idioma español o inglés. Como resultados se incluyeron 15 estudios que generaron 37 tamaños de efecto (TE) y un total de 253 sujetos (hombres y mujeres; 21,73,7 años). Bajo el modelo de efectos aleatorios y un diseño entre grupos se obtuvo un TE global de 0.123 (p = 0.009; IC95% = 0.01 a 0.23; Q = 19.5; p= 0.98; I2 = 0.00%). No se encontró ninguna relación o diferencia en las variables moderadoras. En conclusión, el TE global indica que hay diferencia significativa entre consumir BE o placebo para pruebas anaeróbicas específicas de saltos.

Abstract The consumption of energy drinks (ED) has been increasing in students, active individuals, and athletes due to their probable ergogenic effect. In addition to calories, energy drinks contain caffeine and other ingredients such as taurine, carnitine, and B-complex vitamins. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of ED consumption on anaerobic performance using a meta-analytic approach. A literature search was conducted on five electronic database searchers: PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Springer Link, ProQuest, and Science Direct. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected, i.e: experimental studies that assessed anaerobic performance using EDs as a treatment in humans, reporting descriptive statistics, and published in English or Spanish. 15 studies representing 37 effect sizes (ES) with a total of 253 participants (male and female: 21.73.7 years old) met the inclusion criteria. Using a random-effects model and a between-group design, an overall 0.123 ES was found (p = 0.009; CI95% = 0.01 to 0.23; Q = 19.5; p= 0.98; I2 = 0.00%). No relationship or difference was found in the moderator variables. In general, the overall ES indicated that there is a significant difference between consuming ED or a placebo for specific anaerobic jump tests.

Resumo O consumo de bebidas energéticas (BE) tem aumentado tanto em estudantes e pessoas ativas quanto em esportistas, devido a possíveis efeito ergogênico. Essas bebidas contêm, além de calorias, cafeína e outros ingredientes como taurina, carnitina e vitaminas do complexo B. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito agudo da ingestão de BE no rendimento físico anaeróbico, por meio da técnica de meta-análises. A metodologia consistiu em realizar uma busca em cinco bases de dados: PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Springer Link, ProQuest e Science Direct. Foram selecionados os estudos que cumpriram os critérios de elegibilidade, ou seja, experimentais, nos que fosse medido o rendimento anaeróbico e onde fosse administrada uma BE, realizados em seres humanos, que apresentassem a estadística descritiva e estivessem publicados em espanhol ou inglês. Como resultados foram incluídos 15 estudos que geraram 37 tamanhos do efeito (TE) e um total de 253 sujeitos (homens e mulheres; 21,73,7 anos). Sob o modelo de efeitos aleatórios e um desenho entre grupos obteve-se um TE global de 0,123 (p = 0,009; IC95% = 0,01 a 0,23; Q = 19,5; p= 0,98; I2 = 0,00%). Não foi encontrada nenhuma relação ou diferença nas variáveis moderadoras. Em conclusão, o TE global indica que existe diferença significativa entre consumir BE ou placebo para provas anaeróbicas específicas de saltos.

Efecto de la suplementación con creatina en la capacidad anaeróbica: un meta-análisis / Effect of creatine supplementation on anaerobic capacity: a meta-analysis

El objetivo del presente meta-análisis fue integrar y resumir los resultados de distintos estudios, así como examinar las variables moderadoras en el efecto de la suplementación con creatina (Cr) sobre la capacidad anaeróbica. Para ello se localizaron 81 artículos completos de diversas bases de datos electrónicas, donde solo 17 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Para calcular el Tamaño de Efecto (TE) se utilizó el modelo de efectos aleatorios. Se codificaron un total de 131 TE, que representan 1447 sujetos (nGEx= 889; nGPl= 559). El TE global del grupo experimental (GEx) fue moderado (TE=0,34, p<0,001; IC: 0,24-0,44), en tanto que el TE del grupo placebo (GPl) fue pequeño (TE=0,13, p>0,05; IC: 0,02-0,24); siendo significativamente diferentes entre sí (F(1,129)=9,56, p<0,05, alfa=0,05). El análisis de heterogeneidad indicó que los TE de los artículos incluidos en el grupo experimental son homogéneos (Q= 96,95; p=0,083; α= 0,10), con una baja variabilidad (I2=18,51%). Se utilizó la correlación de Pearson para determinar el efecto de las variables moderadoras continuas y el análisis de variabilidad, para variables categóricas. Se evaluaron nueve variables moderadoras, de las cuales únicamente la forma en la que se dio la suplementación fue significativa (carga TE=0,37; carga + mantenimiento TE=0,22; F(1-77)= 6,22; p=0,015), sugiriendo que el efecto es positivo durante la fase de carga, no así cuando existe carga + mantenimiento. No hubo diferencias significativas en las variables moderadoras de sexo, nivel de entrenamiento, tipo de deporte, la dosis brindada, ni en la forma de medición del rendimiento físico. En conclusión, existe un efecto moderado de la suplementación con Cr en la capacidad anaeróbica

The purpose of the present meta-analysis was to integrate and summarize the results of different studies as well as to examine the moderating variables in the effect of creatine (Cr) supplementation on anaerobic capacity. Eighty-one studies on creatine supplementation were retrieved by searching several databases, and 17 that met the criteria were included. Random effects models using the standardized mean difference effect size (ES) were used to pool results. A total of 131 ES were coded, representing 1447 participants (nGEx=889; nGPl=559). A statistically significant moderate overall ES was found for the experimental group (GEx) (ES=0.34, p<0.001; CI: 0.24-0.44). Also, a statistically significant small overall ES was found for the placebo group (GPl) (ES=0.13, p>0.05; CI: 0.02-0.24). A statistically significant difference was found between both groups (F(1, 129)=9.56, p<0.05, alfa=0.05). The heterogeneity analysis reported low heterogeneity (Q= 96.95; p= 0.083; α= 0.10), and low inconsistency (I2=18.51%) in the experimental group. Nine moderator variables were analyzed, Pearson correlation analysis were used when variables were continuous and variability analysis (ANOVA) when variables were categorized. Only the variable which described how supplementation was offered was significant (load ES=0.37; load + maintenance ES=0.22; F(1-77)=6.22; p=0.015), suggesting a positive effect on load phase, but not on load plus maintenance. Not found significant differences in sex, skill level of the athlete, type of sport, doses, type of performance assessment. In conclusion, supplementation with creatine had a moderate effect on anaerobic capacity

Effects of Different Movement Programs on Motor Competence: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: To use the meta-analytic approach to assess the effectiveness of different types of movement programs on motor competence (MC) in participants of all ages. METHODS: Studies were retrieved by searching 13 databases and included when criteria were met. Studies were selected, and data were extracted by 2 authors. Random effects models using the standardized mean difference effect size (ES) were used to pool results. Risk of bias, heterogeneity, and inconsistency were examined. RESULTS: Thirty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. A total of 374 ESs were calculated and partitioned into 4 groups (motor intervention, free play, physical education classes, and control group). Statistically significant improvements in MC were observed for the motor intervention (ES = 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18 to 1.82; n = 36), as well as for free play (ES = 0.33; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.57; n = 5), physical education classes (ES = 0.52; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.97; n = 15), and smaller statistically significant differences in MC were observed for the control groups (ES = 0.16; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.31; n = 6). CONCLUSIONS: All 4 groups analyzed improved MC in children, adolescents, and young adults. However, motor interventions were superior to all other groups for improving MC.

Efecto del entrenamiento pliométrico en la fuerza explosiva en deportes colectivos: un metaanálisis / Effect of plyometric training on explosive strength in team sports: a meta-analysis / Efeito do treinamento pliométrico na força explosiva de esportes coletivos: uma meta-análise

Resumen Alfaro-Jiménez, D.; Salicetti-Fonseca, A. y Jiménez-Díaz, J. (2018). Efecto del entrenamiento pliométrico en la fuerza explosiva de deportes colectivos: Un metaanálisis. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 16(1), 1-35. El entrenamiento pliométrico (EPLI) es una herramienta utilizada para mejorar las acciones explosivas en muchos deportes; no obstante, este tipo de entrenamiento no genera el mismo efecto en todos los deportes. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto del entrenamiento pliométrico sobre la fuerza explosiva (FE) en los deportes colectivos. En el análisis final, se incluyeron 31 estudios que generaron 50 Tamaños de Efecto (TE). Bajo un modelo de efectos aleatorios, se encontró que el EPLI es efectivo para mejorar la FE (TE=0.98; p=0.00; CI95%=0.77 a 1.20; n=50; Q=174.51; I²=71.95) en deportes de conjunto. Los resultados orientan que para mejorar la FE en este tipo de deportes se debe utilizar el entrenamiento pliométrico sin combinarlo con otro tipo de ejercicios durante al menos diez semanas. Además, este tipo de entrenamiento produce mejorías en la altura de salto, tanto en el periodo preparatorio como en el competitivo, independientemente del tipo de protocolo que se utilice. Se propone realizar estudios confirmatorios con los resultados de este metaanálisis en los que se incluyan otros deportes y se estudie más el tema en mujeres, así como la combinación del EPLI con otro tipo de ejercicios o entrenamientos.

Abstract Alfaro-Jiménez, D.; Salicetti-Fonseca, A. & Jiménez-Díaz, J. (2018). Effect of plyometric training on explosive strength in team sports: A meta-analysis. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 16(1), 1-35. Plyometric training (EPLI) is used to improve explosive actions in many sports; however, this training does not generate the same effect in all sports. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of plyometric training on explosive strength (FE) in team sports. In the final analysis, 31 studies were included generating 50 Effect Sizes (ES). Under a random effects model, the EPLI was found to be effective in improving FE (ES=0.98, p=0.00, CI95%=0.77 to 1.20, n=50, Q=174.51, I²=71.95) in team sports. Results indicate that, in order to improve FE in this type of sports, plyometric training should be used without combining it with other types of exercises for at least ten weeks. In addition, this training improves jump height in both the preparatory as well as the competitive periods, regardless of the type of protocol used. The results of this meta-analysis should be used in confirmatory studies including other sports. In addition, this topic should be further studied in women, as well as the combination between EPLI with other types of excercises and trainings.

Resumo Alfaro-Jiménez, D.; Salicetti-Fonseca, A. & Jiménez-Díaz, J. (2018). Efeito do treinamento pliométrico na força explosiva de esportes coletivos: Uma meta-análise. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 16(1), 1-35. O treinamento pliométrico (EPLI) é uma ferramenta utilizada para melhorar as ações explosivas em muitos esportes; não obstante, este tipo de treinamento não gera o mesmo efeito em todos os esportes. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do treinamento pliométrico sobre a força explosiva (FE) nos esportes coletivos. Na análise final, foram incluídos 31 estudos que geraram 50 Tamanhos de Efeito (TE). Sob um modelo de efeitos aleatórios, encontrou-se que o EPLI é efetivo para melhorar a FE (TE=0.98; p=0.00; CI95%=0.77 a 1.20; n=50; Q=174.51; I²=71.95) em esportes coletivos. Os resultados orientam que, para melhorar a FE neste tipo de esportes, é preciso utilizar o treinamento pliométrico sem combiná-lo com outro tipo de exercício durante ao menos dez semanas. Além disso, este tipo de treinamento produz melhorias na altura de salto, tanto no período preparatório quanto no competitivo, independentemente do tipo de protocolo utilizado. Propõe-se realizar estudos confirmatórios com os resultados desta meta-análise nos estudos em que são incluídos outros esportes e mais o tema em mulheres, assim como a combinação do EPLI com outro tipo de exercício ou treinamento.